This is false. PSA uses the miscut (MC) qualifier to mean "extremely off center" and typically missing a border entirely. However, not all miscut cards will receive a number grade at PSA. Both PSA and SGC will refuse to grade some kinds of miscuts (factory sizing issues), but will slab them as "Authentic" only, if possible and if selected by the submitter.

SGC uses the term "miscut" to refer to a card that is not square and not cut to acceptable factory specifications. "Miscut" at SGC is considered A / Authentic only and does not receive a number grade.

This is false. Marker may result in an "altered" grade is the marker is hiding a flaw (for example, coloring in the borders on a 1971 Topps). Otherwise, marker is just considered a "mark" and will get a qualifier at PSA, or just grade "down" to a 1.5, most often, with SGC.

The correct answer is false. By definition, a 5 (OC) would be a 5 if not for the poor centering. In other words, the centering is already excluded from the number grade.

The correct answer is false. A pinhole typically results in a very low grade, most typically a 1, but does not constitute an alteration.

This is true. Any card that is intact, complete, and original is generally eligible for a number grade.

This is true. The pressure from screw-down holders can "crush" or alter the card stock, which can result in a grade of A / Altered.

This is false. Erasing is considered an alteration, but in general, cards with pencil markings can still receive a number grade.

This is actually true! Many collectors would rather own a sharp trimmed card than a beat-up bicycle spoke card, as reflected in market prices for A vs. 1 grades.

This is false. While you can no longer opt in or out of Qualifiers at PSA, and while they do assign (OC) much less frequently, qualifiers still exist. Marked (MK) and Miscut (MC) are required, but all others are assigned at the grader's discretion.

This is false. Even manufacturing defects (card cut too small, too large, not square) can result in A grades. Many "Authentic"-grade cards are actually factory original, just not manufactured to spec.